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×Ô2013Ä꣬CRISPR/Cas9ϵͳµÄÓ¦ÓÃÓÖ»ñµÃÁ˸üÆÕ±éµÄÀ©Õ¹£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ½«Cas9´øµ½Ìض¨µÄ»ùÒò×éλµã£¬Í¨¹ýÆðʼ»ò×èֹת¼À´µ÷¿Ø°Ð»ùÒò£¬µÖ´ï¼¤»î»òÒÖÖÆ»ùÒò±í´ïµÄÄ¿µÄ

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CRISPRi

CRISPRiÒ²³ÆΪCRISPR×ÌÈÅ (CRISPR interference or inhibition) ¡£dCas9Óëת¼ÒÖÖÆ×ÓÅþÁ¬£¬ÈçKRAB£¨Kruppel associated box£©£¬dCas9-KRABÈÚºÏÂÑ°×ÔÚgRNAÖ¸ÒýÏ£¬ÍŽᵽ°Ð»ùÒòTSSλµã£¬ÒÖÖÆת¼Æðʼ£¬Ä¬È»°Ð»ùÒòµÄ±í´ï ¡£

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CRISPRi Ñо¿°¸Àý

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ʹÓÃÉñ¾­ÔªÑÇȺÌØÒìÐÔµÄÆô¶¯×ÓÌõ¼þÐÔCRISPRiÄÜ׼ȷ¿ØÖƹ¦Ð§»ùÒòSyt1ÔÚº£Âí³Ý×´»ØÐË·ÜÐÔºÍÒÖÖÆÐÔÉñ¾­ÔªÖÐËðʧ¹¦Ð§¶ø²»Ó°ÏìSyt1ÔÚÆäËüÀàÐÍϸ°ûÖеıí´ï ¡£

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Õë¶ÔSyt1¼°Æ以×÷ÂÑ°×ÍøÂçµÄ»ùÒòSyb2£¬Stx1a/bºÍSNAP25aµÄ¶àÖØ»ùÒòCRISPRiϵͳÄܹ»ÔÚСÊóÄÔÄÚʵÏÖÎÞа¶à±äµÄ¶à»ùÒò²î±ð×éºÏµÄ¸ßЧʧ»î ¡£

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×îеÄÑо¿ÔÚdCas9-KRABµÄ»ù´¡ÉϾÙÐÐÓÅ»¯£¬·¢Ã÷dCas9-KRAB-MeCP2Äܹ»¸ü¸ßЧµØ¶Ô°Ð»ùÒò±í´ïµÄÒÖÖÆ ¡£

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Zheng Y, Shen W, Zhang J, Yang B, et al. CRISPR interference-based specific and efficient gene inactivation in the brain.Nat Neurosci. 2018 Mar;21(3):447-454. 

Yeo NC, Chavez A, Lance-Byrne A, Chan Y£¬et al. An enhanced CRISPR repressor for targeted mammalian gene regulation. Nat Methods. 2018 Jul 16. doi: 10.1038/s41592-018-0048-5.

CRISPRa

CRISPRaÒ²³ÆΪCRISPR¼¤»î (CRISPR activation) ¡£ÈÃdCas9Óë²î±ðµÄת¼¼¤»î×ÓÍŽáÊ©Õ¹Éϵ÷°Ð»ùÒò±í´ïµÄ×÷Óà ¡£ÀýÈ磬ֱ½ÓÓëµ¥¸öת¼¼¤»îÒò×Ó£¨ÀýÈçdCas9-VP64»òdCas9-VP16£©Èںϱí´ï£¬²»¹ýµ¥×ªÂ¼¼¤»îÒò×Ӷ԰лùÒòµØ¼¤»îˮƽ½µµÍ ¡£ÎªÁ˸üºÃµØÌá¸ß¹ý±í´ïµÄˮƽ£¬¿É½«¶à¸öת¼¼¤»îÒò×ÓÅäºÏÕÐļµ½°Ð»ùÒòTSSλµã£ºÈç¶à¿½±´VP64ÓëdCas9µÄÈںϡ¢ÈýԪת¼¼¤»îÒò×ÓVPR£¨VP64-p65-Rta£©Èںϵ½dCas9×îºó ¡£

³ýÁ˽«×ªÂ¼¼¤»îÒò×ÓÖ±½ÓÓëdCas9ÈÚºÏÒÔÍ⣬»¹¿ÉÒÔ̫ͨ¹ý×Ó¹Ò¹³À´ÕÐļת¼¼¤»îÒò×Óµ½dCas9ÖÜΧ£¬È磺½«SunTag¶ÌëÄ£¨º¬¶à¿½±´µÄGCN4¼¤»îÕÐļ½á¹¹Óò£©ÓëdCas9Èںϣ¬À´ÕÐļscFvGCN4-sfGFP-VP64 ¡£»òʹÓÃSAMϵͳ£¬½«MS2·¢¼Ð½á¹¹Èںϵ½gRNAÉÏ£¬ÕÐļ¼¤»î¸¨ÖúÂÑ°×£¨MS2-p65-HSF1£©µ½dCas9-VP64ÈÚºÏÂÑ°×ÉÏ£¬Ìá¸ß¼¤»îЧÂÊ ¡£

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ͼ4. CRISPRaϵͳʾÒâͼ ¡£Í¼Æ¬À´×Ô: ACS Chem Biol. 2018 Feb 16;13(2):406-416. 

ÔÚ½ñÄêÍ·µÄNature NeuroscienceÉÏ£¬Ò»ÖÖеÄCRISPRaϵͳ±»½¨Éè²¢Ó¦Ó᪡ªdCas9-SPH ¡£½«SunTag-p65-HSF1ÓëdCas9Èںϣ¬²¢Ê¹ÓÃCre-loxPϵͳ£¬½¨ÉèÁËÒ»ÖÖ¿ÉÊÜCreÓÕµ¼µÄdCas9-SPHת»ùÒòСÊó ¡£

CRISPRa Ñо¿°¸Àý

dCas9-VPR

dCas9Óëת¼¼¤»îÒò×ÓÈÚºÏת¼ÔöǿЧ¹ûÏÔʾ£¬ÈÚºÏÈý¸öת¼¼¤»îÒò×ÓµÄÔöÇ¿µÄЧ¹ûÏÔןßÓÚÈںϵ¥¸öת¼¼¤»îÒò×Ó ¡£

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¼ì²âÈËÀà293Tϸ°ûÖеÄMIAT¡¢NEUROD1¡¢ASCL1¡¢RHOXF2¡¢TTN¡¢ACTC1»ùÒò£¬Ð§¹ûÏÔʾdCas9ÍŽáת¼ÔöÇ¿×Ó¶Ô²î±ðµÄ»ùÒò¼¤»îˮƽ²î±ð ¡£

Fig3. Gene activation using VPR. 

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Chavez A, Scheiman J, Vora S, Pruitt BW, et al. Highly efficient Cas9-mediated transcriptional programming. Nat Methods. 2015 Apr;12(4):326-8. 

dCas9-SPH

½«SunTag-p65-HSF1 (SPH)Èںϵ½dCas9ÂÑ°×ÉÏ£¬»®·ÖÔÚÈ˺ÍСÊóµÄϸ°ûÀïÑéÖ¤ÁËdCas9-SPHϵͳµÄ¸ßЧÐÔÒÔ¼°ÌØÒìÐÔ ¡£

Fig1. Design of an improved activator SPH.

Fig2. mCherry driven by a minimal CMV promoter was activated in HEK293T and N2a cells by the indicated dCas9 activation systems. 

¹¹½¨ÊÜCreÖØ×éøµ÷¿ØµÄdCas9-SPHת»ùÒòСÊó£¬ÔÚdCas9-SPHСÊóµÄÔ­´úϸ°ûÀïµ¼ÈësgRNA¿ÉÒÔ¼¤»î»ùÒòºÍ³¤Á´·Ç±àÂëRNA ¡£

Fig3. Generation of a Cre-dependent SPH transgenic mouse and activation of genes and lncRNAs in primary cells.

ͨ¹ýÏòdCas9-SPHת»ùÒòСÊóÄÔ²¿¶¨µã×¢Éä°ÐÏòÈý¸öת¼Òò×Ó£¨ANN£©Ascl1£¬Neurog2¡¢Neurod1µÄAAV-sgRNA£¬Ð§¹ûÏÔʾANNת¼Òò×ÓÏÔÖøÉϵ÷£¬ÐÇÐνºÖÊϸ°û¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó±»×ª»¯Îª¹¦Ð§ÐÔÉñ¾­Ôª ¡£

Fig4. SPH-based targeted activations convert astrocytes into functional neurons in vivo. 

ÏòdCas9-SPHת»ùÒòСÊóÄÔ²¿¶¨µã×¢Éä°ÐÏò¶à¸ö»ùÒòÒÔ¼°³¤Á´·Ç±àÂëRNAµÄAAV-sgRNAÕóÁУ¬¿ÉʵÏÖ¶à¸ö»ùÒòÔÚÉñ¾­ÔªÄÚµÄͬʱ¼¤»î ¡£Fig5. Complex transcriptional activation in the intact brain using a single sgRNA array.

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Zhou H, Liu J, Zhou C, Gao N, et al. In vivo simultaneous transcriptional activation of multiple genes in the brain using CRISPR-dCas9-activator transgenic mice. Nat Neurosci. 2018 Mar;21(3):440-446.

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CRISPRi ¹¤¾ßÊó

ƷϵȫÃû£ºC57BL/6J-Gt(ROSA)26Sorem1(CAG-LSL-KRAB-dCas9-IRES-EGFP)Smoc

Ŀ¼ºÅ£ºNM-KI-18007

ƷϵÐÎò£º½«CAG-LSL-2xKRAB-dCas9-IRES-EGFP-WPRE-pA¶¨µã²åÈ뵽СÊóRosa26»ùÒòÖУ¬½¨ÉèÊÜCre±í´ïÓÕµ¼µÄCRISPRi»ùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿Ø¹¤¾ßСÊó ¡£ÓëCre¹¤¾ßÊó½»Åäºó£¬ÔÚCre±í´ïµÄϸ°ûÄÚ£¬¿Éͨ¹ýgRNA°ÐÏò²¢Ä¬È»Ä¿µÄ»ùÒò ¡£

CRISPRa ¹¤¾ßÊó

ƷϵȫÃû£ºC57BL/6J-Gt(ROSA)26Sorem1(CAG-LSL-dCas9-VPR-IRES-EGFP-WPRE-pA)Smoc

Ŀ¼ºÅ£ºNM-KI-18004

ƷϵÐÎò£º½«CAG-LoxP-STOP-LoxP-dCas9-VP64-p65-Rta-IRES-EGFP-WPRE-polyA½á¹¹²åÈëµ½Rosa26»ùÒòÖУ¬½¨ÉèÊÜCre±í´ïÓÕµ¼µÄCRISPRa»ùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿Ø¹¤¾ßСÊó ¡£ÓëCre¹¤¾ßÊó½»Åäºó£¬ÔÚCre±í´ïµÄϸ°ûÄÚ£¬¿Éͨ¹ýgRNA°ÐÏò²¢ÔöÇ¿Ä¿µÄ»ùÒòµÄ±í´ï ¡£

ƷϵȫÃû£ºC57BL/6J-Col1a1em1(TRE3G-dCas9-VPR-eGFP-pA)Smoc

Ŀ¼ºÅ£ºNM-KI-00123

ƷϵÐÎò£º½«TRE3G-dCas9-VP64-p65-Rta-eGFP-pAËÄ»·Ëص÷¿Ø±í´ïdCas9¼¤»îÔª¼þ²åÈëµ½Ç徲λµãCol1a1λµãÖÐ ¡£ÓërtTA¹¤¾ßÊó½»Åäºó£¬¿ÉÔÚÇ¿Á¦Ã¹ËØdoxÓÕµ¼ÏÂÔÚrtTA±í´ïµÄϸ°ûÖУ¬Í¨¹ýgRNA°ÐÏò²¢ÔöÇ¿Ä¿µÄ»ùÒòµÄ±í´ï ¡£

ƷϵȫÃû£ºC57BL/6-Tg(CAG-LSL-dCas9-SPH)Smoc

Ŀ¼ºÅ£ºNM-TG-00025

ƷϵÐÎò£ºÍ¨¹ýpiggyBacת×ù×Óϵͳ½¨ÉèCAG-LSL-dCas9-HA-SunTag-p65-HSF1-EGFP-WPRE-polyAת»ùÒòСÊó ¡£dCas9-SPHµÄ±í´ïÊÜCreÖØ×éøµ÷¿Ø£¬ÓëCre¹¤¾ßÊó½»Åäºó£¬ÔÚCre±í´ïµÄϸ°ûÄÚ£¬¿Éͨ¹ýgRNA°ÐÏò²¢ÔöÇ¿Ä¿µÄ»ùÒòµÄ±í´ï ¡£

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

Qi LS, Larson MH, Gilbert LA, Doudna JA, et al. Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Cell. 2013 Feb 28;152(5):1173-83.

Gilbert LA, Larson MH, Morsut L, Liu Z, et al. CRISPR-mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in eukaryotes. Cell. 2013 Jul 18;154(2):442-51.

Cheng AW, Wang H, Yang H, Shi L, et al. Multiplexed activation of endogenous genes by CRISPR-on, an RNA-guided transcriptional activator system. Cell Res. 2013 Oct;23(10):1163-71. 

Tanenbaum ME, Gilbert LA, Qi LS, Weissman JS, et al. A protein-tagging system for signal amplification in gene expression and fluorescence imaging. Cell. 2014 Oct 23;159(3):635-46.

Chavez A, Scheiman J, Vora S, Pruitt BW, et al. Highly efficient Cas9-mediated transcriptional programming. Nat Methods. 2015 Apr;12(4):326-8. 

Zalatan JG, Lee ME, Almeida R, Gilbert LA, et al. Engineering complex synthetic transcriptional programs with CRISPR RNA scaffolds. Cell. 2015 Jan 15;160(1-2):339-50. 

Zheng Y, Shen W, Zhang J, Yang B, et al. CRISPR interference-based specific and efficient gene inactivation in the brain.Nat Neurosci. 2018 Mar;21(3):447-454. 

Yeo NC, Chavez A, Lance-Byrne A, Chan Y£¬et al. An enhanced CRISPR repressor for targeted mammalian gene regulation. Nat Methods. 2018 Jul 16. doi: 10.1038/s41592-018-0048-5.

Zhou H, Liu J, Zhou C, Gao N, et al. In vivo simultaneous transcriptional activation of multiple genes in the brain using CRISPR-dCas9-activator transgenic mice. Nat Neurosci. 2018 Mar;21(3):440-446. 

Kampmann M. CRISPRi and CRISPRa Screens in Mammalian Cells for Precision Biology and Medicine. ACS Chem Biol. 2018 Feb 16;13(2):406-416.

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